Non-traditional paper techniques (consultation for educators ...). Papercraft Brochure for Older Children Papermaking Techniques

2. Paper plastics in terms of creativity is very similar to sculpture. But, in paper plastic, all products are empty inside, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462

3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which tubes from corrugated paper. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper on a stick, pencil or knitting needle, followed by compression. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for execution and use.
Examples:

4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil "bird feather") - the art of paper rolling. It originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges on the tip of a bird's feather, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples:

4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Kirigami - a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and paper cutting in the process of making a model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole trend in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutouts and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and postcards that fold into a flat figure.
Examples:
- Kusudama (Japanese: "medicine ball") - a paper model, which is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that a spherical body is obtained forms. Alternatively, individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued, not sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached from below.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; these may have been the first true bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of the two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Currently, kusudami are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. She is often confused with modular origami, which is not true, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued together, and not nested into each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples:
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually, an appliqué is then glued from the folded parts.
Examples:
- Origami modular - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by nesting them into each other. The resulting friction force does not allow the structure to disintegrate.
Examples:

5. Papier-mâché (French papier-mâché “chewed paper”) is an easily shaped mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Papier-mâché is used to make dummies , masks, study guides, toys, theatrical props, boxes. IN individual cases even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mache blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples:

7. Embossing (another name is "embossing") - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymeric material or plastic, foil, parchment (the technique is called "parchment", see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which the material itself is embossed with a convex or concave stamp with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on book covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and becomes convex and whitens during processing. In this technique, interesting postcards are obtained, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage.
Examples:
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliche on a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to simulate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern that imitates the skin of a crocodile, etc.)

* Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove dwellings (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, tuesas, wagons, turtles, baskets) and shoes from long flexible branches. Man has learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for application appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything that comes across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers .... Such weaving techniques as weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, macrame knot weaving, bobbin weaving, beading, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines) ...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave a lot of beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples:

1. Beading, like the beads themselves, has a long history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave necklaces from beaded threads, string bracelets and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century did the real flourishing of bead production begin. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, purses and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglasses, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, the natives began to use it instead of traditional Indian familiar materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hairnet, earrings, snuff boxes..
In the Far North, beaded embroidery was used to decorate fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harness, leather sunglasses...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets, there are amazing items. Brushes and cases for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples:

2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese needlework. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar has been preserved to this day.
The ganutel uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wind parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers are elegant and light.
In the 16th century, a spiral wire made of gold or silver was called in Italian “canutiglia”, and in Spanish “canutillo”, in Russian this word probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples:

3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
The technique of this nodular weaving has been known since antiquity. According to some reports, macrame came to Europe in the VIII-IX centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples:

4. Lace weaving on bobbin. In Russia, the Vologda, Yelets, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky crafts are still known.
Examples:

5. Tatting is a woven nodular lace. It is also called shuttle lace, because this lace is woven with a special shuttle.
Examples:

* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and creating images:

Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on a surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), mainly from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting - a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Paintings also include images painted on decorative and ceremonial vessels. whose surfaces can have complex shapes.
Examples:

1. Batik - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to a fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" from staining individual sections of the fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, nodular, free painting, free painting using saline, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik - draw, cover with drops, hatch.
Painting "batik" has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples:

2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the base material. The history of stained-glass windows begins from ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions appeared, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass.
Examples:

3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional both for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern tubes for juice are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint onto a sheet of paper.

4. Guilloche - the technique of manually burning an openwork pattern on fabric using a burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires precision in work. It should be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of a given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks for books, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more that your imagination will tell you, will decorate any home!
Examples:

5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (so that it does not blur, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples:

6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way to create an image from small elements. Putting together the puzzle is very important for the mental development of the child.
It can be from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden saw cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small stones, shells, thermo-mosaic, Tetris-mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material(cone scales, needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples:

7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, single and tupos - print) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth surface of glass or thick glossy paper (it should not let water through) - a drawing is made with gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed against the surface. The result is a mirror image.
Examples:

8. Thread graphics (thread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isography or cardboard embroidery. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. Threads can be ordinary sewing, woolen, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples:

9. Ornament (Latin ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; designed to decorate various items (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both from the outside and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples as well the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples:

10. Print.
Kinds:
- Sponge printing. For this, both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable.
Examples:
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops ...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops, etc.
Examples:

11. Pointillism (fr. Pointillisme, literally “dottedness”) - a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, based on their optical mixing in the eye of the viewer, in contrast to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives a much greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing colors with the formation of shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a distance or in a reduced form.
Georges Seurat was the founder of the style.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples:

12. Drawing with palms. It is difficult for small children to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills of the hands, and provide an opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is drawing with the palms. Drawing with their hands, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples:

13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the side of the veins. The paper you are going to print on can be colored or white. Press the sheet with the painted side against the sheet of paper, carefully remove it, taking the "tail" (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over. And now, having finished the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples:

14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art, there are a large number of varieties of this type of arts and crafts.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - an old Russian folk craft, originated at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. near the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting - an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting a tree, silver tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed in the oven three or four times, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Examples:

15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with paints in molten form (hence the name). A variety of encaustic is wax tempera, which is distinguished by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique.
Examples:

*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and the use of fabrics:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb "to sew", i.e. what is sewn or sewn.
Examples:

2. Patchwork, Quilting, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts, with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of multi-colored fabrics or knitted elements of geometric shapes to be connected in a bedspread, blouse or bag.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to the fruit of the artichoke. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, compose (glue) various panels of a rounded (or polyhedral shape) on a plane or in volume.
There are two ways to sew: the tip of the blanks is directed to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with a tip to a narrower part. The parts to be folded are not necessarily cut into squares. It can be both rectangles and circles. In any case, we meet with the folding of cut blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the family of patchwork origami, and since they create volume, then, therefore, to the "3d" technique.
Example:
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this one as well. I think it's a multimethod.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:

3. Tsumami Kanzashi. Tsumami is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the master takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
Hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave the name to a whole new kind of arts and crafts. This technique was used to make decorations for combs, and for individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples:

* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple hand tools (crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples:

1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way to crochet using a special device - a fork, curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of hand-made fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, embossed patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of a lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations loops and posts. The correct ratio - the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples:
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples:
4. Tunisian knitting with a long hook (both one and several loops can simultaneously participate to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Fillet knitting- imitates fillet-guipure embroidery on a special grid.
7. Guipure knitting (Irish or Brussels lace) crochet.

2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with products convenient for everyday life self made or children's toys, you experience the joy of appearance and the pleasure of the process of their creation.
Examples:

3. Carving - a kind of arts and crafts. It is one of the types of artistic processing of wood along with sawing, turning.
Examples:

* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Application (from Latin “attaching”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, metal chased plates, all kinds of fabric (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive possibilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples:
Also exist:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new kind of arts and crafts. It is a creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive type of “painting.
Examples:
- Application from "palms". Examples:
- Breakaway appliqué is one of the types of multifaceted appliqué technique. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples:

2. Assemblage (fr. assemblage) - a technique of visual art, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or whole objects, appliquely arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows pictorial additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes it is applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, because the terminology of the latest visual art is not well established.
Examples:

3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of technology can be clearly seen from English name tunnel - tunnel - through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” (book) that is being compiled conveys the feeling of the tunnel well. There is a three-dimensional postcard. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because. aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel was dated to the middle of the 18th century. and was the epitome of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or sold as souvenirs for tourists.
Examples:

4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples:
Cut out of paper, foam, foam rubber, birch bark, plastic bottles, from soap, from plywood (although this is already called sawing), from fruits and vegetables, as well as from other different materials. Various tools are used: scissors, mock knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetric structure are cut out by eye, with curvilinear contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive, they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples:
- The cut is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of the sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in applications in a stylized form.
Examples:
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since the time when paper was invented in China. And this type of carving became known as jianzhi. This art has spread all over the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples:
- Carving (see below).

5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “what is cut out”) is a technique for decorating, appliqué, decorating with cut paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the XII century. began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this technique also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - "napkin technology". The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, caskets, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, gypsum - must be plain and light, because. the pattern cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples:

6. Carving (from the English. carvу - cut, cut, engrave, cut; carving - carving, carving, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking - this is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples:

7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - pasted paper. Very quickly, this concept began to be used in an expanded sense - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from fragments of other texts, fragments collected on the same plane.
The collage can be completed by any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples:

8. Constructor (from lat. constructor "builder") - an ambiguous term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. i.e. details or elements of some future layout, information about which is collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). The combination of various elements creates interesting designs for games and fun.
Examples:

9. Modeling - shaping plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is designed to master the primary principles of this technique.
Examples:

10. A layout is a copy of an object with resizing (usually reduced), which is made with the preservation of proportions. The layout should also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). It can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples:
Layout view - a model is a valid layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is focused on certain aspects of the modeled object or equally detailed thereof. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a sea or air club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric ...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples:

11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials for obtaining the main component of soap.
Examples:

12. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - molding, carving, casting, forging, chasing, cutting, etc.
Examples:

13. Weaving - production of fabrics and textiles from yarn.
Examples:

14. Filting (or felting, or felting) - felting wool. There is "wet" and "dry".
Examples:

15. Flat chasing is one of the types of arts and crafts, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or a round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
The processing of the material is carried out with the help of a rod - a chasing, which is placed vertically, on the upper end of which they hit with a hammer. By moving the coinage, a new form gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:

In conclusion, it should be noted that the division (unification on some basis) of most techniques is conditional (subjective), and many techniques applied art are multi-techniques, i.e. they combine several types of techniques.

All pleasant creativity!
Your Margaret.

"Unconventional Paper Techniques"

The mysterious world of paper transformation

Here are all the sorcerers, wizards, magicians,

They create fairy tales with their own hands.

You can develop the creativity of children in various ways, including by working with various materials, for example, with paper. The technique of working with paper can be different: torn and cut, voluminous applications, mosaics, origami crafts, kirigami, norigami, quilling, creation of various volumes using the technique of paper-plasticity, paper rolling, facing on plasticine.

Classes in the process of using non-traditional paper techniques:

They develop the ability to make small movements with their hands, accustom them to precise movements of the fingers under the control of consciousness.

Develop spatial imagination, teaches to read drawings.

Introduce children to basic geometric concepts.

Stimulate the development of spatial and motor memory, teaches concentration.

Develop creative abilities.

They expand their gaming and communication skills, their horizons and bring up respect for the Japanese cultural tradition.

What is paper

Paper is such a unique material that can be used in completely different jobs. So, you can use paper for its intended purpose - write, print, draw, draw, or you can give the sheet shape and volume, and, suddenly, we have a crane on our hand! And you can cut the paper into pieces, fold it again, glue it together - and you get a panel, a mosaic, a picture! Once again, and we made a toy, a doll, a house, whatever! And let's work harder - make a book, notebook, frame or album! We want to please our relatives - we will build a wide variety of postcards! Everything that already exists in the world, and everything else they can think of, can be made from paper! Paper is AMAZING! No wonder it belongs to one of the greatest inventions of mankind!

Paper types

It is very difficult to list all types of paper, because even if the sheet is a fraction thinner, this is already a different type. Therefore, we will name only those that are often found in life and which can be useful in needlework.

Writing paper - notebook sheets, "Snow Maiden" and similar sheets, notepad paper - the basic basis for needlework.

Coated - shiny, smooth paper, found in books, magazines, posters, posters - for decorative purposes, for decoration, to decorate work.

Newspaper - well-known newspapers, also found in books, notes - both basic material and interesting design.

Rice - now in stores you can find a large number of napkins and cards from this type of decoupage paper - decorative paper.

Design - it has also become fashionable to create paper yourself, in stores you can find designer paper ready for various handicrafts, for example, special blanks for scrapbooking.

Whatman - white thick paper of various sizes, ideal for drawing, sketching, due to its high resistance to abrasion, it can be used in needlework when modeling or creating collages.

Tracing paper - thin, transparent paper - used for copying, for sketches.

Cardboard - the thickest paper - is suitable for various purposes: drawing, design, packaging, modeling.

Sandpaper - flexible, rough paper - for sanding, removing old paint, preparing the surface for priming and painting.

Photo paper is an opaque, thick paper used for printing photographs.

Wallpaper - thick paper in rolls, of various colors and textures - in needlework, you can use both the base material and the design material.

Wrapping - thin, often shiny paper - suitable for decorative and design purposes.

Toilet paper - thin, soft paper - is useful as a base material, for example, in papier-mâché, and for cleaning and blotting surfaces.

Foil - thin, metallic paper - for decorative purposes, to give the effect of silver, gold, etc.

Baking paper - thin, but dense, heat-resistant - is suitable in works where something needs to be heated, melted, glued.

Paper techniques

Paper can be used in a variety of ways. It can be cut, or it can be cut out of it, it can be torn, it can be glued with various materials, it can be bent, bent, shaped, it can be wrinkled or straightened, it can be painted, aged, give new effects and much more. Techniques for working with paper are used differently depending on the direction of needlework. Let's get to know some of them.

Application

One of the most famous types of arts and crafts. Appliqué starts from early childhood. The essence of this direction of needlework is cutting out and then gluing figures, patterns, paintings onto another surface. One of the varieties of appliqué is decoupage. When working in this direction, techniques such as bending, cutting, tearing and tearing, gluing are used.

Openwork cutting

No less than quilling, fine art - cutting out patterns from paper. For such work, it is desirable to use high quality thick paper so that it does not tear when cutting. This direction of needlework can be useful when creating panels, postcards, paintings, three-dimensional models or individual elements for decorating something. Here the paper is cut, cut out, bent, glued, painted, depending on the idea and imagination of the master.

Openwork Christmas tree

Origami:

Age: from 4 years old

The oldest oriental art of folding figures from a square sheet of paper.Origamiit looks like a trick - a wonderful figure is born from an ordinary piece of paper in a few minutes! Origami does not require large material costs, origami classes are absolutely safe even for the smallest children. With the help of origami, a whole world can be easily and quickly created that you can play with! No special skills required and everyone can do it! With the help of origami it is easy to make unusual and Original gifts and decorate the premises. Basically, only such work techniques as folding and bending are used in this direction. Origami is divided into modular, simple, wet folding. Each species has its own characteristics. For complex folding patterns, it is better to use special paper. Origami has also developed its own symbols.

Papier mache

The art of creating voluminous things from paper and sticky mass: these can be masks, sculptures, furniture, caskets, dummies, toys and much more. During work, the paper is soaked, cut, glued, painted.

scrapbooking

A new trendy direction of needlework, which consists in creating an album, notebooks, books for storing photographs, clippings, drawings, etc. The main materials for manufacturing are paper of different formats, textures and qualities. It also requires a lot of special tools. Scrapbooking is an expensive hobby, but very exciting, thanks to which truly unique things are created. In the process of creating a product, all types of paper working techniques are used. Separately, cardmaking is distinguished - the creation of postcards. In this direction, work is carried out similarly to scrapbooking.

Collage

The art of creating compositions, in which objects and materials that differ from the base in color and texture are glued onto a base. When working, all types of paper are used. It is cut, cut, glued, finished.

Modeling

From paper, you can create various models: from simple airplanes to ancient castles. Origami also refers to modeling, but in oriental art, a figure is created from squares of paper without glue or threads, and in this direction paper of various sizes and auxiliary tools are used. The process also uses all kinds of paperwork techniques.

Paper rolling (quilling)

Age: from 5 years.

quilling
Paper rolling is the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.
Flowers and patterns are created from paper spirals, which are then usually used to decorate postcards, albums, photo frames. Art came to Russia from Korea. As a hobby it is also popular in Germany, England and America. Quilling is also called "paper filigree".

At first glance, the paper rolling technique is simple. A strip of paper for and twists into a tight spiral, after which it is glued to a sheet of thick paper. This process is repeated many times until the child fills the entire space of the sheet.

It will be convenient to start winding by wrapping the edge of the quilling paper tape on the tip of a sharp awl

Having formed the core of the spiral, it is advisable to continue working without using a tool for A. So you can feel with your fingertips whether the roll is uniformly formed, and adjust the forces in time. As a result, a dense spiral should form, less than a centimeter in diameter. It will be the basis for the further diversity of all forms. After that, the paper spiral dissolves to the desired size, and then the necessary quilling figure is formed from it.
The tip of the paper is caught with a drop of glue. Rolls can be given a variety of shapes by performing compressions and dents.
In total, there are 20 basic elements for quilling, but the principle remains the same: we fold, pinch - using your imagination. You can always come up with new quilling elements yourself.

norigami

It's uniqueauthor's technique format paper design, which makes it possible to make anything out of paper. Think - and it will be done. If you want - learn to invent crafts yourself, if you want - learn to make them after the master. No other paper design technique can be made so quickly, simply and recognizably, even Carlson, even a Chinese dragon, a tank or a submarine, a zebra or an elephant, a giraffe, a horse, a cat, a princess, a castle ...

norigami - a relative of origami: also without patterns, also according to the schemes, also from standard sheets with simple folding. But the difference is in cutting and gluing. Becausenori - it's in Japanese"glue" - and fold, and cut, and glue. Children love to work with paper - it is available as a material and easy to use. Working with paper, the child masters various techniques and methods - bending the sheet, gluing, notching. Simple manipulations available to everyone, and the result is a unique creative craft that children take with them. Such an unusual handmade toy will be a wonderful decoration for the home. Boys are happy to construct their favorite cars, tanks and planes, and even dinosaurs out of paper. Girls are princesses, funny little animals. Age of children from 5 years to infinity.

kirigami

Age: from 6 years old

This is the art of paper folding. In a sense, kirigami is a kind of origami technique, but, unlike the latter, the use of scissors and glue is acceptable in kirigami.

The very name of the technique speaks of this: it comes from two Japanese words:kiru - cut andkami - paper.

The basis of crafts using the kirigami technique is a sheet of paper. As a rule, the creation of crafts begins with folding a sheet of paper in half and cutting out various shapes. Shapes can be cut as symmetrically:

and asymmetrically:

Using the kirigami technique, beautiful voluminous folding cards are made (in English they are called pop-up),

as well as entire architectural structures made of paper.

Volumetric application of colored or white paper:

Age: from 5 years

Expressive means: silhouette, texture, color, volume.

Equipment: double-sided colored and thick white paper, PVA glue.

Method of obtaining an image: the child tears off pieces of colored paper, crumples or twists them, and then sticks them on a sheet of thick paper. The work must be done on a large sheet of paper.

Volumetric application of paper napkins painted with gouache

Age: from 4 years old

iris folding
Iris folding originated in Holland. This technique is also called "rainbow folding". The pattern is formed as a result of gluing paper at a certain angle in the form of a twisting spiral. This technique is simple, but at the same time requires attention, accuracy and perseverance. Drawings in iris folding are made using iris templates..

Volumetric decoupage or 3D - decoupage.
Decoupage technique has been known for a very long time. One of the most original types of decoupage is the creation of three-dimensional images. Having become acquainted with this simple technique, you can create, as if alive, flowers, butterflies and much more for friends and family.

Vytanki
Cutting openwork patterns from paper (vytynanka) is a popular hobby in many countries. Each nation has its own traditions, so it is easy to distinguish the work of Chinese masters from Ukrainian ones. For a long time, openwork patterns have been used to decorate homes and interior items, especially for Christmas and Easter. Vytanki is a fairly democratic technique; you can choose a pattern for both a preschooler and a true professional.

Means of expressiveness: spot, texture, color, volume, composition.

Equipment: white napkins, sponges, thick colored paper, PVA glue, gouache.

Method for obtaining an image: the child twists pieces of white napkins into small flagella, and then glues them onto a sheet of thick paper. The twisting procedure is repeated until the space of the depicted object is filled with folded flagella. Now you can take gouache and paint the glued napkins.

So, paper is an amazing material that is exposed to various influences and which can be used in a variety of creative works. Let's value paper and don't throw it away again! Every piece will find its place.But the most important and valuable thing is that working with paper, along with other types of fine arts, develops the child aesthetically. Children learn to see, feel, evaluate and create according to the laws of beauty. A child who knows various methods of transforming materials can consciously choose the type of material and the method of its transformation depending on the specifics of the conceived craft and in accordance with its purpose, combine materials, choose means to implement aesthetic requirements for the result of work.

If you want to give a loved one a truly original and memorable gift, then you can hardly find something more suitable than a variety of paper crafts. This book contains everything you need to know to penetrate the magical world of paper art on your own. The first four chapters are devoted to its theoretical foundations, including a description of the history of the invention of paper, its types, the tools necessary for the work, the techniques used, as well as tips for beginners. The practical part with examples of making toys and paper souvenirs fit in the last chapter.

A series: DIY crafts

* * *

by the LitRes company.

Paper techniques

Application

Application- This is a composition, usually made up of pieces of colored paper or fabric using a wide variety of additional materials. Since ancient times, people have been decorating their homes with crafts made in this interesting technique. The Kazakhs decorated their yurts, carpets, and the Tatars - saddles and boots. The peoples of the North sewed fur appliqués onto their leather garments. The Slavs used this technique to finish fabrics, from which they then sewed clothes. Even

Currently, there are many artists who are engaged in applique works. However, for now, we will only talk about applications made of colored paper.

For example, a bouquet of flowers looks good in half a candy box. To make such a bouquet, we glue a sheet of colored paper on the bottom of the box - the background. Glue flowers, stems and leaves on top. Moreover, the application will look much better if the flower petals are not completely glued, i.e., they will be made using the technique bulk application.

If you need to quickly decorate the interior or just keep the children busy with some interesting and useful thing, you should make several pictures from colored paper with them. Why take several multi-colored sheets of colored paper, one of which will become the background of the future picture, and you can cut out any figures from the rest. It doesn't matter if they are correct or not. The main thing is that the colors are bright and contrasting. Next, randomly paste them on the background.

You can do it much easier if you make the background sheet square (Fig. 13), and then sequentially stick squares of different sizes on it, starting from the largest and ending with the smallest in the center. The picture will turn out to be quite unusual, but at the same time it is very simple in execution.

With such applications it is easy to decorate a nursery or a veranda. By the way, the child himself is quite capable of coping with the decoration of his room. Of course, it is better to give the baby safe scissors and lay a piece of oilcloth on the table.

Rice. 13. Application

When performing the application, one should try not to stain the details with glue, otherwise the work will no longer be so attractive. It is better to refuse to use ordinary clerical glue, which turns yellow over time, and when it hits a dark background, it is noticeable (forms white spots). In addition, it tends to corrode painted surfaces and does not wash off clothes at all. PVA glue or ordinary paste will be the most acceptable. You can also use wallpaper glue, however, it dries for a long time.

Papier mache

Papier-mâché products are a special type of souvenir toys. Where did they come from? To begin with, let's dwell on what papier-mâché is in principle. Literally translated from French, the word "papier-mache" means "chewed paper" and is a way of gluing paper in small pieces in 5-7 layers according to a certain shape or model. According to one version, the first papier-mâché products appeared in medieval Iran, while other scientists believe that this needlework comes from China, where it originated before our era.

The basis of Iranian caskets and other handicrafts was several layers of glued paper (coated on top with a mixture of glue and chalk), painted with paints, over which a layer of transparent varnish was applied. Unfortunately, these wonderful bright chests and caskets were very fragile.

In Europe (England, Germany and France), the art of papier-mâché appeared only at the beginning of the 16th century. and immediately received a new development. In Russia, it spread somewhat later.

In industrial production, papier-mâché is a paper mass crushed into fibers mixed with glue, chalk or plaster. At home, this is torn paper, preferably newsprint, impregnated with a paste or other glue, pressed in several layers and primed with gesso or drying oil. At the same time, it becomes durable, which allows you to work with it, like with a tree.

Depending on the purpose of the product, its size and the number of items intended for the manufacture, there are several technological methods for preparing papier-mâché. So, you can work in six main ways:

According to various models;

According to the form taken from the model;

According to the original - a genuine product;

By pigs;

On a wire frame;

Sculpt from home-made newspaper mass.

Over the years, papier-mâché has been used to make visual aids, layouts, and relief maps.

Christmas decorations, New Year and carnival masks, caskets, wall plates, a variety of souvenirs and much more were made from this material.

Behind this foreign word lies the usual application of paper, which we did in labor lessons at school or even in kindergarten. Translated from French, the word "decoupage" means "cut", which means that the decoupage technique comes down to cutting and gluing paper elements. If you turn to history, you can find out that the first products in this technique appeared in China in the 12th century; in the XVII-XVIII centuries. The method of decorating interior items with the help of paper motifs came to Europe along with the fashion for Chinese lacquered furniture.

Now, ordinary three-layer napkins with various patterns, ornaments or whole plots are used to decorate objects, which is why decoupage is also called napkin technique.

The decoupage technique is very simple, and even children who have already learned how to cut out various shapes and elements from paper along the contour can master it. Its essence boils down to the following: a paper motif, cut along the contour, is glued onto a previously prepared surface using any adhesive, and after drying, it is covered with one or more layers of varnish, which is necessary so that the applied pattern is not afraid of moisture.

In addition, in a craft store you can buy special decoupage glue, which can be of different types, depending on which surfaces it is intended for decorating. However, the simplest and most affordable option is PVA glue, which can be successfully used on any surface. For work, it is usually diluted in a 1: 1 ratio or used undiluted.

To decorate a large surface area (cabinet doors or countertops), it is better to use wallpaper paste, gelatin solution or paste prepared by yourself.

To prepare a gelatin solution, you need 1 tbsp. l. gelatin, pour 0.25 cups of cold water and leave for 30 minutes to swell. Then you should dilute the resulting solution with 0.5 cups of cold water, heat with constant stirring, but do not boil. The cooled solution can be used as ordinary glue.

As mentioned above, varnish is used to fix the paper pattern on the surface. You can purchase a special varnish for decoupage in an aerosol, but ordinary acrylic varnish on water based, which is matte or with glossy and diamond shine.

To create the effect of antiquity, you will need a one- or two-stage craquelure varnish. The surface covered with such a tool will crack after a while, as a result of which small cracks will appear on it, and the picture will artificially “age”. The craquelure effect allows you to create real masterpieces of decoupage art - "old" boxes, paintings, vases, etc.

In addition, acrylic paints are useful for additional decoration of the napkin pattern, its elaboration and clarity to some lines. They can also make inscriptions on any surface, draw small elements of a picture, outline a contour, etc. The advantage of acrylic paints is that they dry quickly, do not have a strong odor and adhere well to different surfaces.

For work, it is advisable to use ready-made decoupage napkins, which, as a rule, are in stores for creativity. Decoupage napkins are a great option for decorating interior items, accessories and clothes, and made of rice paper, they have an original texture and will help you create stunning effects on a variety of surfaces - from glass to fabric.

In order for the pattern to practically merge with the surface, the top colorful layer of the napkin must be separated, and then the pattern should be cut out along the contour. Some elements of the napkin may contain small details, but it is not necessary to painstakingly cut them out, since they can simply come off when glued. Therefore, in this case, it is more convenient to simply cut out the largest elements of the pattern as accurately as possible, and finish the small ones with acrylic paints using a thin brush. For some compositions, the napkin pattern can be carefully torn out with your hands, for example, this technique is often used when decorating flower pots and large surfaces.

Clippings from glossy magazines and simply printed text from a newspaper - at least original version for decoupage on various objects. Patterns from scraps of old newspapers look especially beautiful, which can additionally be “aged” with the help of tea brewing.

Fragments of magazine and newspaper clippings are easy to compose into a wonderful composition that will decorate an old coffee table or turn a brand new, but not very interesting locker into an antique. Even old letters from dear people can come into play - it is better to decorate a box for the same letters and photographs with them.

Postcards with gorgeous flowers or cute angels, despite the thickness of the paper, are also suitable for decoupage on various surfaces. The front side of the postcard must first be covered with 3-4 layers acrylic lacquer letting each one dry thoroughly. Then soak it in a bowl of water at room temperature for 10–20 minutes, then carefully roll up the soaked back layer. The result is a thin film with a colorful pattern that can be used for decoupage on any surface.

Besides, beautiful pattern you can draw it yourself and print it using a printer, but in order to get a beautiful and durable decoupage on an object, the printout should be processed correctly. So, it is better to print the drawing on very thin paper, such as tracing paper, and so that the paint does not flow, after the motif is moistened with water or glue, it should be fixed with varnish.

In this case, a regular strong hold hairspray or spray can is useful. You should not rush and immediately apply a thick layer of varnish on the surface of the picture: first, it must be sprayed with a thin layer at a distance of 30 cm from the surface, let it dry for 10-15 minutes and apply a layer of varnish again in the same way. Repeat the procedure 3-4 times, and be sure to let each layer of varnish dry.

If you do not perform these preparatory work, then the paint will inevitably flow and the work will be spoiled.

One of the most important tools for translating a conceived idea into reality are scissors. They should be with rounded ends and cut paper well. You can also use nail scissors to cut out the smallest details of the pattern. For cutting intricate patterns big amount small items fit scissors with serrated blades.

To apply glue on a small surface, it is convenient to use a flat semi-rigid brush 1–2 cm wide. The same brush is useful for applying paints and varnish. To decorate a large surface, it is better to choose a larger brush or use a roller.

The decoupage technique can be applied on any surface, the main thing is to properly prepare it, and then even old iron buckets will turn into original designer interior items.

wood surface, varnished, almost ready for gluing thin paper patterns on it, it is only necessary to remove dust and greasy deposits from it. For what it is enough to wipe it with a cloth dipped in water with the addition of alcohol; however, various industrial products are also suitable for cleaning such surfaces from dust and dirt. After the surface is completely dry, it will be ready for decoupage.

raw wood before gluing the paper fragment, it is necessary to sand it with fine sandpaper, remove dust, cover with undiluted PVA glue and allow to dry. It is possible to prime with PVA glue both in one and in 2-3 layers, depending on the condition of the tree. After that, the surface is ready for decoration.

Decoupage is very easy to do on plastic surface, e.g. plastic glasses, plates, dishes, mugs, flower pots, buckets, etc. can be decorated with original napkin patterns. Before decorating, the plastic surface should be cleaned of dirt and dust (if the thing is not new), and then degreased with an alcohol solution or any dishwashing detergent. Then it needs to be thoroughly wiped dry and you can start gluing the paper motif.

Decoupage on glass it is very simple to do, only the preliminary glass surface should be degreased and wiped dry. After the paper motif is glued, the pattern must be fixed with a special decoupage varnish for firing, and then the object can be washed.

Decoupage on metal will allow you to decorate even old galvanized buckets, iron barrels and other metal objects. If the intended surface to be decorated is covered with rust, then it should be cleaned with a metal brush or sandpaper, and then wiped with an anti-corrosion solution, allowed to dry and primed with any metal paint.

In order for the paper pattern to look bright on the metal and not be lost, the background should be light, preferably white, so the area reserved for gluing the motif should be covered with light paint. After the motif is completely glued, it must be covered with 2-3 layers of varnish.

Decoupage looks great ceramic surfaces, allowing you to turn even the most nondescript terracotta pots and flowerpots into bright and colorful objects that can decorate any interior. Before decorating, the ceramic surface should be cleaned, degreased and primed with undiluted PVA glue. After gluing the motif, the object is varnished in 2-3 layers.

Decoupage on fabric will allow you to transform ordinary clothes, make them elegant and attractive; however, in this case, a special varnish is required. The cut motif is circled with a water-soluble marker or chalk on a pre-prepared place. Inside the resulting contour, glue is applied to the fabric without going beyond its borders, since otherwise glue stains will remain around the pattern.

The napkin motif is glued according to the contours and left for about a day until the glue dries completely. To fix the decor on the fabric, the motif must be ironed with a hot iron through the fabric or a clean sheet of paper. After that, the product can be washed and ironed.

paper plastic

Paper plastic is a kind of mixture of paper sculpture and origami, something that turns paper into a plastic material, from which interesting and interesting things come out. original crafts.

The paper-plastic technique will allow you to create voluminous figures to decorate an office table or home interior, to complement gift wrapping. However, such a craft may well become an independent gift.

In the process of its manufacture, you can use ready-made patterns for cutting leaves, flowers, figures of people and animals. In any case, you should complete a preliminary project, think through every little thing and stock up on special tools and materials. For example, you will need a clerical knife with a comfortable handle and replaceable blades for cutting paper, as well as special volumizing tool a paper part, which is a wooden pen the thickness of a pencil with a metal rod with a ball (of different diameters) at the end (Fig. 14).

Rice. 14. Volume tool

Anything can be the objects of work in the paper-plastic technique - birds, animals, people, car models, flowers, gift wrapping, fish, etc. However, in order to finally translate what was conceived into reality, it is necessary to accurately represent the final result.

To transfer elements from the pattern to paper for subsequent cutting, as well as to punch the bending contour, a special awl is used. This tool is a pencil-thick pen, at both ends of which there are awl points with small balls that do not allow the paper to be pierced (Fig. 15).

Rice. 15. Double-sided awl

With the help of a conical awl, the elements of the figure are ironed to give it volume (Fig. 16).

Rice. 16. Tapered awl

To work with fine details, you will need tweezers with sharp, precisely connecting ends, which must be without nicks, as they can leave marks on paper, which makes the work look sloppy.

It is better to cut out details for crafts on a plank, which will protect the table surface from possible scratches, punctures, etc. It is more convenient to squeeze out three-dimensional figures on a piece of linoleum.

In paper plastic, glue is used in an aerosol can, which allows it to be applied evenly and in a thin layer, and the surfaces to be glued adhere well.

To give the craft volume, you will need double-sided tape when one layer should be located above or in front of the other, for example, when creating three-dimensional panels, paintings and postcards.

So, getting started, you need to decide on the composition of the future product, use ready-made patterns and templates more often, and most importantly, your own imagination. After the craft has matured in your imagination, you can start collecting suitable material, for which it is not at all necessary to go to the stationery store for a new pack of paper or drawing paper. It is easier to use the paper that is available in the house: wrappers and candy boxes, packages from parcels, etc., magazines, newspapers, old books.

If the beautiful paper you have is too thin to use it for paper-plastic work, it can be glued onto a denser base - drawing paper, paper for drawing or sketching.

For classic crafts using the paper-plastic technique, drawing paper or watercolor paper is more suitable, which is perfectly cut with a clerical knife at an angle of 45 ° and keeps its shape. You can also use colored paper, which is not inferior in density to whatman paper. Thicker paper will fold poorly and sometimes break at the fold.

In craft stores, you can find handmade paper, which consists of two layers of different colors. On the cut, it looks very decorative, and its color scheme allows you to create very spectacular crafts.

After the paper is selected and prepared, the necessary elements are cut out of it, which are given the desired shape. Details can be twisted, crushed, folded, cut into them, squeezed out, giving the desired volume. When all the details take their shape, it is necessary to start assembling the figure or composition, the individual parts of which are glued with glue or double-sided tape.

For the first craft using paper-plastic technique, it is better to take the simplest composition with a small amount of details. For example, it can be a postcard with a three-dimensional inscription, a heart, a butterfly or a large flower. Success in paper plastic is easy to achieve only with constant practice; and who knows, maybe the usual passion for paper will develop into a real skill.

The paper paste technique should be divided into several stages, each of which plays an important role in creating a neat and beautiful craft.

Preparing a sketch and materials for crafts

On a sheet of plain paper, you need to draw a sketch of the future work, develop templates and patterns. If the craft will be made only of white paper, you can glue glossy paper on a sheet of whatman paper so that the product keeps its shape better and looks more refined. It is also worth noting that when working with pure white paper, hands should always be absolutely clean and dry so as not to leave stains on the craft.

Cutting parts and giving them the desired shape

After the patterns and templates are designed, they must be cut out of the prepared paper. A sketch of a future craft or a cutting plan is outlined on paper using an awl with a rounded end. The fact is that if you make a pattern with a pencil, then the craft will look messy, and a simple pencil will have to be removed with an eraser.

The necessary details are cut out using a mock-up (stationery) knife, which must be held at an angle of 45 °, since in this case the element of the composition will stand out against the general background, which is especially noticeable when using two-color paper. For example, a red carrier outline of the main paper will look great against a green decorative background.

After the details of the composition are cut out, they can be given volume, and do it yourself. different ways. For example, wind it onto a metal rod, which will result in a twisted or rounded part, or push it with a special tool with a ball at the end to get a convex or concave surface, etc.

The volume of individual parts is carried out depending on the goals of the project and your own imagination.

Assembling crafts into a single composition

Assemble a composition or figurine from the prepared elements in accordance with the idea and the drafted sketch. Individual elements can be glued with glue, which must be applied very carefully and only at the junction, which is convenient to do with a thin brush. Flat surfaces that are separated from the general background are glued to double-sided tape.

quilling

translated from English, the word "quilling" means "bird feather", "paper rolling".

This technique appeared at the end of the XIV - beginning of the XV century. in Europe. The nuns of medieval Europe made elegant medallions with gilded edges from narrow strips of paper. Their miniature masterpieces looked like products made of the thinnest gold strips, but, unfortunately, unlike real gold, they have not survived to this day.

In the Middle Ages, quilling was considered an art, in the XIX century. it was exclusively the amusement of noble ladies, and in the last century it was practically forgotten about. Luckily, it is now back to its former glory.

Many consider paper to be a short-lived material from which something practical cannot be made, but the quilling technique refutes this. For example, from delicate and fragile elements, you can assemble a basket and use it to store small things.

Having mastered this, in general, simple technique, you can once and for all solve the problem of greeting cards and small souvenirs for relatives, friends and work colleagues for any celebration or holiday. Such gifts will leave an unforgettable impression on the recipient, and the author will receive a lot of positive emotions from the creative process.

The main rule of quilling is to choose the right paper. So, it should not break when folded, but simply must twist well and keep the shape of a spiral. Plain white or colored copier paper is perfect for crafts. For bright colorful works, it is better to take paper dyed on both sides. A pattern made of white paper on a colored background looks very nice.

Beginners in quilling can start with plain paper, and over time, when a certain skill and experience appear, use special quilling paper, which is sold both as whole sheets of the usual A4 format, and cut into strips 3 or 5 mm wide, which very convenient for creating a conceived masterpiece.

For more spectacular work, it is better to use the original Korean paper, which has unique properties that appear in the process of shaping the strip.

Such paper, as a rule, is already cut into strips of the desired width.

The prepared strips of paper are wound on an awl with a diameter of 1 mm, which, unfortunately, has the shape of a cone, as a result of which inconvenience may arise when forming a paper blank.

Therefore, you can cut off the sharp tip. Or use a metal rod of the desired diameter, which should be conveniently equipped with a wooden handle to make it easier to wind strips of paper and adjust the density of the turns.

It is convenient to take paper blanks with tweezers with sharp tips without notches. The tweezers should have a comfortable grip with minimal pressure.

Scissors will be required with sharp ends in order to most accurately cut the fringe from strips of paper. Their blades must be sharpened so that they work evenly along the entire length.

For quilling, you can use any glue. The main requirement is that it should dry quickly and not leave stains on colored paper. For beginners, ordinary PVA glue is suitable, which must be diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 1.

To give the blanks a certain diameter, an officer's ruler is used, on which there are several circles of different diameters.

The technique itself is not particularly difficult, but will require perseverance and accuracy. So, first you should think over a sketch of a future craft and draw it on a piece of paper, then decide on a color scheme and think over the shape of the elements that make up the work.

The main element of quilling is a roll - a strip of colored or white paper twisted into a spiral (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17. Roll

It is more convenient to wind a strip of paper around the tip of a sharp awl, and then continue without it, working with your thumb and forefinger, since in this case you feel the tightness of the winding of the spiral.

The result is a dense spiral with a diameter of less than 1 cm.

To obtain a regular dense roll, the free end of the strip is fixed with a drop of glue. From such rolls of different colors, you can assemble the most ordinary or, conversely, a fancy pattern according to the mosaic principle. Details are acceptable of the same or different diameters, for which, using an officer's ruler, it is easy to dissolve a dense spiral to the size you need and also fix its tip with a drop of glue.

The main charm of this type of work with paper is that the base roll can be given the most different forms, for which the part loosened to the desired diameter and fixed with glue is easy to crush in a variety of ways with the help of the thumb and forefinger.

There are basic forms of rolls from which you can assemble any composition from an abstract fantasy picture to animal figures (Fig. 18).

Rice. 18. Basic forms of rolls

paper weaving

Do you know how else to use paper besides cutting, sticking, folding, etc.? From paper, it turns out, you can still weave. For example, by interlacing multi-colored strips of paper with each other, it is easy to get no less original crafts than in techniques such as origami or quilling.

A woven paper canvas can become a pretty bookmark for a book, a backdrop for a postcard or a modest panel with a pretty flower, etc.

For simple paper weaving, it is necessary to cut a certain number of colored strips of the desired width, for example, 1 cm. It is more convenient to do this with a clerical knife, and several sheets are stacked at the same time to get a large number of strips at once.

For a simple checkerboard weave, you need to arrange several strips vertically, and then alternately skip the horizontal strips under and over the vertical ones (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19. Weaving from paper strips

For convenience, vertical stripes can be fixed with glue or tape on the base sheet. After the canvas is completely ready, you can trim its sides and glue the ends of the strips. To obtain a bright colored canvas, it is better to use paper at least the spirit of colors, such as blue and yellow, white and red, etc.

Of course, with the use of complex and not very techniques from beautiful paper magnificent paintings, panels are obtained, Greeting Cards and much more. However, you can also find a use for old newspapers and magazines by making very original crafts from them - wicker baskets and boxes. Those who like wicker items will definitely adopt this technique of working with paper, and most importantly, piles of old newspapers and magazines will turn into necessary interior items and wonderful gifts without any extra financial costs!

For weaving from old newspapers and magazines, you will need the old newspapers and magazines themselves, PVA glue, any varnish and a knitting needle with a diameter of 1.5–2 mm, and work will begin with the preparation of paper twigs.

Why is a sheet of a newspaper or magazine torn into blanks about 27 in size X 9 cm, wind it on a thin needle and glue the tip of the paper with glue. It should be wound at an angle of 45 ° - in this case, the twig is flexible enough for weaving (Fig. 20).

To make the twigs easier to intertwine with each other, they need to be rolled with a rolling pin, as a result of which they will become flat. It is better to start work with braiding an object, such as a flower pot or even a jar.

Rice. 20. Rolling a newspaper into a twig

Weaving, as a rule, starts from the bottom, for which 4 twigs are first crossed with each other (Fig. 21 a). Next, more twigs are added, of which there should be an odd number in total (Fig. 21 b).

After that, they are braided in a circle, passing a working twig under and above each of the protruding twigs of the base (Fig. 21 c).

As weaving, the twigs straighten out and a workpiece is obtained that looks like a sun with evenly diverging rays (Fig. 21 d).

End of introductory segment.

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The following excerpt from the book Paper crafts, toys, souvenirs and gifts (E. A. Kaminskaya, 2011) provided by our book partner -

Paper was invented in the 2nd century BC. Chinese court official and gradually began to spread to the west, reaching Central Asia in 751 AD. e. In 793, paper was first made in Baghdad, during the golden age of Islamic culture. From there, the art of papermaking spread further east, and by the 14th century there were several paper mills in Europe.

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Modern papermaking equipment and methods date back to the same 19th century, and have now turned the ancient craft into a highly technical industry. The basic processes are the same as before, but cotton and flax fibers and whole, sorted fabric offcuts are still used for paper grades that offer maximum strength, longevity and durability.

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Papier mache.

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Centuries before the craft arrived in Europe, it was an art form in the Far East, where carefully crafted items were exquisitely decorated and lacquered. At the beginning of the 18th century, papier-mache products began to be made in France, and later in England and Germany, where several different manufacturing processes were used.

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Decoupage.

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Many of today's decoupage products are inspired by the lush floral motifs of the Victorian era, but this does not mean that this is how modern decoupage should look like.

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Paper cutting.

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Paper decoration.

They can also be used to decorate small or large items, from homemade wallpaper to wrapping paper and stationery.

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Ready-made prints and stencils are available for sale, but you can also make them yourself to your liking. You can cut stencils out of waxed stencil paper or acetate film, and stamps can be cut out of a potato or household sponge.

Paper designs.

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Some imaginative designers have even made various pieces of furniture entirely out of it, a testament to its inherent durability. Cardboard became a popular craft material during World War II when it was widely used as packaging.

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Corrugated cardboard with its multi-layer structure, it is particularly well suited for the creation of cardboard structures.